Statistics
Browse articles by category and topic.
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PhD Completion and Dropout Rate Statistics by Country 2026
Verified PhD completion and dropout rate statistics by country (US, UK, Australia, Netherlands, Germany) and field. CGS, NSF, HESA data…
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The Hidden Cost of Peer Review in 2026: What Researchers’ Unpaid Reviewing Time Is Actually Worth (Sourced Data)
Peer review unpaid labor value: researchers donated 130+ million hours in 2020 worth at least $1.5B in the US alone.…
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What Is a Confidence Interval, Really? Interpretation Without the p-Value Myths (2026)
A rigorous guide to how to interpret a confidence interval correctly — including the frequentist definition, the “95% probability” trap,…
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Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Explained 2026: Path Models, CFA, and Fit Indices
Master structural equation modeling in 2026: measurement vs structural model, CFA, latent variables, and fit indices (CFI, RMSEA, SRMR) with…
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Thesis Embargo Statistics 2026: How Common Are Restricted Dissertations?
How many theses are embargoed, for how long, and why? This data roundup covers thesis embargo statistics, typical durations, country-by-country…
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How to Run a Multiple Regression in SPSS and Report It in APA (2026)
A complete step-by-step guide to running multiple regression in SPSS, checking all five assumptions, interpreting your output, and writing up…
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Inter-Rater Reliability and Cohen’s Kappa: A Complete Methods Guide for Researchers (2026)
A research-grade guide to inter-rater reliability and Cohen’s kappa — covering the formula, a worked calculation, Landis & Koch interpretation…
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Inter-Rater Reliability Beyond Cohen’s Kappa 2026: ICC, Krippendorff’s Alpha & Bland-Altman
A reference-grade methods guide to inter-rater and inter-method agreement statistics beyond Cohen’s kappa — covering ICC model selection, Krippendorff’s alpha…
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Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) for Causal Inference 2026: A Researcher’s Guide
A reference-grade methods guide to directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) for causal inference: nodes, edges, confounders, colliders, mediators, the backdoor criterion,…
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Effect Size and Confidence Intervals Explained for Your Dissertation (2026): Beyond the p-value
Effect size and confidence intervals tell you what a p-value never can: how large an effect is and how precisely…